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Docker常用命令介绍

1. Docker主程序管理

1.1. 设置Docker自启动

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systemctl enable docker

1.2. Docker的启动停止重启

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# 重启Docker服务
service docker restart
# 停止Docker服务
service docker stop
# 启动Docker服务
service docker start

2. Docker镜像管理

2.1. 搜索

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docker search <image>

用于搜索线上镜像仓库中的镜像。会显示出所有名称中带有的镜像

2.2. 拉取镜像

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docker pull <image>

2.3. 查看本地镜像

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# 列出本地镜像
docker images
# 列出本地镜像(包括历史记录)
docker images -a
# 删除本地镜像
docker rmi <image ID>

3. Docker容器管理

3.1. 创建容器

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Usage: docker run [OPTIONS] IMAGE [COMMAND] [ARG...]  

-d, --detach=false 指定容器运行于前台还是后台,默认为false
-i, --interactive=false 打开STDIN,用于控制台交互
-t, --tty=false 分配tty设备,该可以支持终端登录,默认为false
-u, --user="" 指定容器的用户
-a, --attach=[] 标准输入输出流和错误信息(必须是以非docker run -d启动的容器)
-w, --workdir="" 指定容器的工作目录
-c, --cpu-shares=0 设置容器CPU权重,在CPU共享场景使用
-e, --env=[] 指定环境变量,容器中可以使用该环境变量
-m, --memory="" 指定容器的内存上限
-P, --publish-all=false 指定容器暴露的端口
-p, --publish=[] 指定容器暴露的端口
-h, --hostname="" 指定容器的主机名
-v, --volume=[] 给容器挂载存储卷,挂载到容器的某个目录
--volumes-from=[] 给容器挂载其他容器上的卷,挂载到容器的某个目录
--cap-add=[] 添加权限,权限清单详见:http://linux.die.net/man/7/capabilities
--cap-drop=[] 删除权限,权限清单详见:http://linux.die.net/man/7/capabilities
--cidfile="" 运行容器后,在指定文件中写入容器PID值,一种典型的监控系统用法
--cpuset="" 设置容器可以使用哪些CPU,此参数可以用来容器独占CPU
--device=[] 添加主机设备给容器,相当于设备直通
--dns=[] 指定容器的dns服务器
--dns-search=[] 指定容器的dns搜索域名,写入到容器的/etc/resolv.conf文件
--entrypoint="" 覆盖image的入口点
--env-file=[] 指定环境变量文件,文件格式为每行一个环境变量
--expose=[] 指定容器暴露的端口,即修改镜像的暴露端口
--link=[] 指定容器间的关联,使用其他容器的IP、env等信息
--lxc-conf=[] 指定容器的配置文件,只有在指定--exec-driver=lxc时使用
--name="" 指定容器名字,后续可以通过名字进行容器管理,links特性需要使用名字
--net="bridge" 容器网络设置:
bridge 使用docker daemon指定的网桥
host //容器使用主机的网络
container:NAME_or_ID >//使用其他容器的网路,共享IP和PORT等网络资源
none 容器使用自己的网络(类似--net=bridge),但是不进行配置
--privileged=false 指定容器是否为特权容器,特权容器拥有所有的capabilities
--restart="no" 指定容器停止后的重启策略:
no:容器退出时不重启
on-failure:容器故障退出(返回值非零)时重启
always:容器退出时总是重启
--rm=false 指定容器停止后自动删除容器(不支持以docker run -d启动的容器)
--sig-proxy=true 设置由代理接受并处理信号,但是SIGCHLD、SIGSTOP和SIGKILL不能被代理
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Usage:  docker run [OPTIONS] IMAGE [COMMAND] [ARG...]

Run a command in a new container

Options:
--add-host list Add a custom host-to-IP mapping (host:ip)
-a, --attach list Attach to STDIN, STDOUT or STDERR
--blkio-weight uint16 Block IO (relative weight), between 10 and 1000, or 0 to disable (default 0)
--blkio-weight-device list Block IO weight (relative device weight) (default [])
--cap-add list Add Linux capabilities
--cap-drop list Drop Linux capabilities
--cgroup-parent string Optional parent cgroup for the container
--cgroupns string Cgroup namespace to use (host|private)
'host': Run the container in the Docker host's cgroup namespace
'private': Run the container in its own private cgroup namespace
'': Use the cgroup namespace as configured by the
default-cgroupns-mode option on the daemon (default)
--cidfile string Write the container ID to the file
--cpu-period int Limit CPU CFS (Completely Fair Scheduler) period
--cpu-quota int Limit CPU CFS (Completely Fair Scheduler) quota
--cpu-rt-period int Limit CPU real-time period in microseconds
--cpu-rt-runtime int Limit CPU real-time runtime in microseconds
-c, --cpu-shares int CPU shares (relative weight)
--cpus decimal Number of CPUs
--cpuset-cpus string CPUs in which to allow execution (0-3, 0,1)
--cpuset-mems string MEMs in which to allow execution (0-3, 0,1)
-d, --detach Run container in background and print container ID
--detach-keys string Override the key sequence for detaching a container
--device list Add a host device to the container
--device-cgroup-rule list Add a rule to the cgroup allowed devices list
--device-read-bps list Limit read rate (bytes per second) from a device (default [])
--device-read-iops list Limit read rate (IO per second) from a device (default [])
--device-write-bps list Limit write rate (bytes per second) to a device (default [])
--device-write-iops list Limit write rate (IO per second) to a device (default [])
--disable-content-trust Skip image verification (default true)
--dns list Set custom DNS servers
--dns-option list Set DNS options
--dns-search list Set custom DNS search domains
--domainname string Container NIS domain name
--entrypoint string Overwrite the default ENTRYPOINT of the image
-e, --env list Set environment variables
--env-file list Read in a file of environment variables
--expose list Expose a port or a range of ports
--gpus gpu-request GPU devices to add to the container ('all' to pass all GPUs)
--group-add list Add additional groups to join
--health-cmd string Command to run to check health
--health-interval duration Time between running the check (ms|s|m|h) (default 0s)
--health-retries int Consecutive failures needed to report unhealthy
--health-start-period duration Start period for the container to initialize before starting health-retries countdown (ms|s|m|h) (default 0s)
--health-timeout duration Maximum time to allow one check to run (ms|s|m|h) (default 0s)
--help Print usage
-h, --hostname string Container host name
--init Run an init inside the container that forwards signals and reaps processes
-i, --interactive Keep STDIN open even if not attached
--ip string IPv4 address (e.g., 172.30.100.104)
--ip6 string IPv6 address (e.g., 2001:db8::33)
--ipc string IPC mode to use
--isolation string Container isolation technology
--kernel-memory bytes Kernel memory limit
-l, --label list Set meta data on a container
--label-file list Read in a line delimited file of labels
--link list Add link to another container
--link-local-ip list Container IPv4/IPv6 link-local addresses
--log-driver string Logging driver for the container
--log-opt list Log driver options
--mac-address string Container MAC address (e.g., 92:d0:c6:0a:29:33)
-m, --memory bytes Memory limit
--memory-reservation bytes Memory soft limit
--memory-swap bytes Swap limit equal to memory plus swap: '-1' to enable unlimited swap
--memory-swappiness int Tune container memory swappiness (0 to 100) (default -1)
--mount mount Attach a filesystem mount to the container
--name string Assign a name to the container
--network network Connect a container to a network
--network-alias list Add network-scoped alias for the container
--no-healthcheck Disable any container-specified HEALTHCHECK
--oom-kill-disable Disable OOM Killer
--oom-score-adj int Tune host's OOM preferences (-1000 to 1000)
--pid string PID namespace to use
--pids-limit int Tune container pids limit (set -1 for unlimited)
--platform string Set platform if server is multi-platform capable
--privileged Give extended privileges to this container
-p, --publish list Publish a container's port(s) to the host
-P, --publish-all Publish all exposed ports to random ports
--pull string Pull image before running ("always"|"missing"|"never") (default "missing")
--read-only Mount the container's root filesystem as read only
--restart string Restart policy to apply when a container exits (default "no")
--rm Automatically remove the container when it exits
--runtime string Runtime to use for this container
--security-opt list Security Options
--shm-size bytes Size of /dev/shm
--sig-proxy Proxy received signals to the process (default true)
--stop-signal string Signal to stop a container (default "SIGTERM")
--stop-timeout int Timeout (in seconds) to stop a container
--storage-opt list Storage driver options for the container
--sysctl map Sysctl options (default map[])
--tmpfs list Mount a tmpfs directory
-t, --tty Allocate a pseudo-TTY
--ulimit ulimit Ulimit options (default [])
-u, --user string Username or UID (format: <name|uid>[:<group|gid>])
--userns string User namespace to use
--uts string UTS namespace to use
-v, --volume list Bind mount a volume
--volume-driver string Optional volume driver for the container
--volumes-from list Mount volumes from the specified container(s)
-w, --workdir string Working directory inside the container

3.1.1. 实例

运行一个spring项目,并替换其中的启动项

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docker run -v /home/user/application_job.properties:/home/user/local/application.properties -p 8085:8085 -e "APP_OPTS=-Dspring.config.additional-location=/home/user/local/application.properties" -d lbs-automation-job:latest

解释:

  • -v选项:将宿主机的/home/user/application.properties文件映射到容器中的/home/user/local/application.properties文件夹中,从而使容器能加载配置文件
  • -p选项:将宿主机的8085端口映射到容器的8085端口
  • -e选项:给容器配置环境变量。这里我们将spring.config.additional-location=/home/user/local/application.properties配置为环境变量,使spring项目加载挂载到容器中的对应配置项
  • -d选项:指定后台运行
  • 镜像名称:指定容器镜像

3.2. 查看Docker容器

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# 查看正在运行的容器
docker ps
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CONTAINER ID   IMAGE                                      COMMAND                  CREATED         STATUS         PORTS                                       NAMES
abc37d87cf03 lbs-devops/xp-lbs-automation-case:latest "sh -c 'java $APP_OP…" 4 minutes ago Up 4 minutes 0.0.0.0:8082->8082/tcp, :::8082->8082/tcp compassionate_ptolemy
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# 查看所有容器(包括已退出)
docker ps -a
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CONTAINER ID   IMAGE                                      COMMAND                  CREATED         STATUS                     PORTS                                       NAMES
abc37d87cf03 lbs-devops/xp-lbs-automation-case:latest "sh -c 'java $APP_OP…" 5 minutes ago Up 4 minutes 0.0.0.0:8082->8082/tcp, :::8082->8082/tcp compassionate_ptolemy
51906f38b230 atxserver2_web "bash scripts/wait-f…" 6 weeks ago Exited (255) 3 weeks ago 0.0.0.0:4000->4000/tcp, :::4000->4000/tcp atxserver2_web_1

3.3. 容器管理

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#启动容器
docker start <ContainerId(或者name)>
#停止容器
docker stop <ContainerId(或者name)>
#重启容器
docker restart <ContainerId(或者name)>
#删除容器
docker rm <ContainerId(或者name)>
#删除所有容器
docker rm $(docker ps -a -q)

3.4. 操作Docker容器

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docker exec -i <ContainerId> <command>

在容器中执行command命令,更多用法可以使用exec --help查看

3.5. 查看容器日志

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# 直接查看
docker logs <ContainerId>
# 查看最后n行
docker logs -f -t --tail <行数> <containerId>